Zwilazkowiec Alliancer, October 06, 1980

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KRZYSZTOF GEBHARD
A 1lie end of the Second
World War millions of Poles
found 11iemselves beyond Uie
borders of their homeland A
ciuandary heset the Polish
soldiers mililary prisoners
inmales of conccntration
camps and forccd labourers
liberated bv the Allies A
choice had to be madę: return
to Pol and devasłated
and politically altered
or remain in Europę as state-les- s
citizens The majorily of
the uprooted did in fact re-turn
to an unccrtain futurę in
Poland Others refused to re-turn
out of polUical convic-tio-n
or hecause the lerritory
from which they came had
been annexed to the Soviet
Union
Between 19ó and 1956
65000 Poles en-tere- d
Canada under various
immigraMon programs Un-lik- e
earlier waves of immi-grants
they did not come
dircctly from Poland Most of
them never even dreamed of
emigraling bcfore the out--
break of the war Thev dif-fere- d
from Ihe earlier immi
grants in that they repre-sente- d
all strata of society
Whereas the pre-wa- r immi-gration
was largely composed
of the agricultural or peasant
class the new vave was a
conslomeralion of the intel-ligens- ia
skillcd Iradesmen
and farmers Their personal
hackgrounds combined with
the war experience madę
them morę worldly wise and
sophisticaled than their
countrymen who had already
! established themselves in
" Canada
Canada howeyer was slill
largely unknown to many of
the newcomers Even lhose
from the educated ranks
admitted that what they knew
of Canada before emigration
was based on Arkady Fied-ler
prosaie travel accounts
and Jack London's tales Both
the Canadian government and
the established Polonia show-e- d
concern about the welfare
of the new immigrants and
assisted the newcomers in
acelimalizing themselvcs The
vjtoo forces however held dif- - łerent opinions on what sort
of Canadians the immigrants
should become The official
agents wished for their rapid
assimilation into the main-strea- m
of society Canadian
citizenship was extolled as the
ullimate goal towards which
to strive Although the estab-lished
Polish orffanizaHons
regarded citizenship hiPhW
involvement in Polonian
organizations and mainte-nanc- e
of the language and
culture of the fatherland
were considered morę im- -'
portant
These diterences of opinion
regarding the moulding of the
immigrant can be found in
handbooks for the newcomers
published in 1947-5- 0 bv the
Canadian government and Pol-ish
organizations In this pa-p- er
five of these publications
are considered Three were
published by agencies of the
federal or provincial govern-ment- s:
the Canadian Citizen-ship
Branch of the Secretary
of S'ate the Association for
Adult Education and the Min-istr- y
of Mines and Resources
(responsible for immigration
at the time) and the Com-- ł
munity Programmes Branch i of the Ontario Ministry of
Education The other two
werc prepared by the Cana
i
(Monthly English Supplement)
OCTOBER 6 1980 VOL III No 8
Editorial Board: Leszek Wawrow Richard Tyndorf
Krzysztof Gebhard
The Editorial Board accepts no responsibility for opinions expressed
by individual contributors Articles do not necessarily reflect the
views of any organization
S!£SJ5S£5£®£lĄCS£S£JSSS©£5S£SSI5S®fcSSS®SS©£S& aeidbooks for IPost-W- ar
P:©Iish immigrants
geogra-phicall- y
ap-proxima1-
ely
dian Polish Congress and the
Associated Poles in Canada
Perhaps the most widely
distribuled handbook was the
Canadian Citizenship Branch's
Fakty o Kanadzie (Facts about
Canada) It was published in
subsequcnt editions from
1946 well into the 1950s This
forty-eigh- t page pamphlet is
straightforward and provides
statistical information 'of
some value to the curious
reader Intcnded to serve as
an "introduction to the Cana-dian
way of life" it presents
brief sketches of Canadian
history political structure
the provinces banking the
monetary system and the eco-nom- y
It attempts to impress
the immigrant with Ihe vast-nes- s
of Canada's geography
and the country's wealth of
resources Only on the last
two pages under a section
enlitled "Fricndly Advice" is
the immigrant advised how to
adjust himself to Canadian
ways:
Each country has its own
customs In Canada you
will find that the methods
of farming and construc-tio- n
ai'e different from
those in the old country
You will work and feel
betler lf you adiusl lo Ihe
new methods rather than
trying to implement your
foreign lechniąues
A morę expanded hand-book
Kanada was published
in 1949 by the Association for
Adult Education Hardbound
and illustrated the book was
comprised of 138 pages Like
the Secretary of State pam-phlet
the book's aim was to
serve as an introduction to
Canadian institutions and to
the generał character of the
country Canada was pre-sente- d
as a land of opportu-nit- y
with unlimitcd possibili-tie- s
in all sectors of the eco-nom- y
The virtues of privato
enterprise were lauded and
the reader is told that a group
of Czechs established a ladies'
shoe factory a certain Hun- -
garian began manufacturing
decoralive porcelain and a
Belgian was operating a suc-cessf- ul
sporting-good- s factory
The newcomer however was
advised not to rush hastily
into a business venture with-ou- t
adeąuata finances and ex-perien- ce
In a patronizing
tonę the authors tell the im-migrant
that "with hard work
and civil obedience you will
succeed"
Another sccHon of the book
discusses clothing the climate
and shoppin for essentials
Leisure activities are also in-clud- ed
sińce -- Canadians are
projected as a yersatile peo-pl- e
— egalitarian dedicated
and leading satisfied lives
One wonders however how
many immigrants benefited
from the information on such
sports as polo and golf
Significantly the chapter
on education examines var-iou- s
pedagogical institutions
but fails to direct the immi-grant
to any specific one The
authors stress that all have
equal opportunity in attain-in- g
high levels of education
but fail to inform where and
how one could enrol in
courses for adults It is how-eyer
mentioned that such
organizations as the YMCA
YWCA Canadian Jewish Con-gress
Catholic Women's
Lcague and the Imperial
Order of Daughters of the
Empire conduct lectures and
I IHNATOWICZ A MĄCZAK B ZIENTARA
SPOŁECZEŃSTWO POLSKIE
OD X DO XX WIEKU
Nsi-jzk- d prezentuje procesy zachodzące w społeczeństwie pol
Xm na przestrzeni dziejów ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem
przemian społecznych na tle zjawisk gospodarczych
i politycznych
Cena $1200 z przcsjlką $1320
L)o nabycia w księgarni „Związkowca" 1638 Bloor Si W
Toronto Ont M6P 4A8 Wysyłamy po uprzednim nadesłaniu
należności Czeki lub Money Order prosimy wystawiać na
Polish Alliancc Press
art musie and drama courses
No Polish organization is
listed although it is stated in
somewhat vague terms that
the Poles also have institu-tions
in some localities Infor-mation
on yarious English-languae- e
courses as well as
instructions on enrolling in
tradcschools would undoubt-edl- y
have been quite useful
That such information was not
proyided detracts greatly
from the book's value
In 1950 the Community
Programmes Branch of the
Ontario Ministry of Educa-tion
prepared a senes of ra-dio
programs in Polish The
broadcasts were directed at
newly arrived immigrants
and the text was later pub-lished
in a ninety-fiv- e page
booklet cntitled Nasza Kana-da
(Our Canada) Significantly
different from the two hand-books
discussed abovc Nasza
Kanada extols Canadian de-mocra- cy
and the govern-menf- s
goodwill towards the
immigrants The themes of
diligence morality and duty
to the new country pre-domina- te
At times the tonę
of the text is evangelistic: "lf
one works hard one cannot
fail but manna will not
fali from the Canadian
hcavens"
Entire sections are devoted
lo reminding the immigrant
that he must fulfil his obliua- -
tions ana Keep ms wora me
reader is told:
No one was forced lo
come here They came wil-lingl- y
The moment they
set foot on Canadian soil
responsibilities and obliga-tion- s
were placed upon
them The government or
the individuals who spon-sore- d
them should 'not be
disappointed It musi be re-membe- red that the Cana-dian
public keenly obser-ve-s
the actions of the new-comers
and any wrong im-pressi- on
could bring harm
not only upon those who
are already here bul also
upon those who remain in
Europę and would like to
settle here Those who
came here under contract
are obliged to fulfil it The
contracts were signed un-der
their own free will Un-fortunatel- y there are indi-vidua- ls
who have chosen to
break these contracts and
seek work elsewhere Seek-in- g
higher-payin- g employ-men- t
is indeed a noble ac-tio- n
but when such a move
involves contract-breakin- g
it results in nothing morę
than the impression that
"lhose people cannot be re-lie- d
upon " It is diffi-cu- lt
to conceive that many
who lived under such
trying circumslances dur-in- g
the war cannot with-stan- d
a few months or
even a year of work under
conditions certainly no
morę difficult than those
they endured
Strong words for the mili-tar- y
veterans who worked on
Canadian farms for up to
fourteen hours a day The
minimum pay was forty-fiv- e
dollars per month including
room and board Very often
the food was inadequate and
after years of wartime cama-raderi- e
life on a farm was
lonely Thus many longed to
escape to the cities for higher-payin- g
work and for com-panionsh- ip
Largo numbers
of the contracted workers did
indeed choose that route The
authors of Nasza Kanada ap-peal- ed
to them to keep their
word and remain on the
farms until their contracts
had expired
Citizenship was defincd as
morę than residence in the
country According to the
authors it was a feeling that
one is an inlegral part of the
country not only physically
but historically spiritually
and menlally Citizenship in
our opinion is morę importanl
than oceupation or inlerest —
it is one of the fundamental
morał values deciding a per-sono
worth
The immigrants were ad-vis- ed
against closing them-selve- s
within their elhnic
community A triie cilizen
was not to concern himself
with matlers relating exclu-sivel- v
to the Polish communi-ty
When Canadians of Polish
background ignored Canadian
matlers whether federal
provincial or municipal they
deservedly assumed the label
of false Canadians The au-thors
explained that they re-cogniz- ed
the significancc of
such ethnic organizations as
the Canadian Polish Congress
They did however place
greater emphasis upon and
devoted morę space to the
discussion of the Canadian
Legion and the YMCA
Wliile the three official
governmcnt publications dis-cussed
above strived to con-ve- rt
each new Polish immi-grant
into an ersatz Canadian
Polonian handbooks and in-lormati- on
pamphlets sought
to accomplisli almost the re-ver- se
— to acąuaint the new-comer
with the cullural and
organizational life of Poles in
Canada
A sixteen-pag- e pamphlet
Witajcie Rodacy (Greetings
Fellow Countrymen) prepared
by the Associated Poles in
Canada lists all the Polish
Roman Catholic parishes and
priests in the country Based
in Western Canada and domi-nate- d
by the clergy the
organization sought to involve
the newcomers in church acli-vitie- s
The network of Polish
churches in Canada was quite
impressive at the time as
morę than sixty-eig- ht parishes
are listed It is impossible to
determine to what extent the
churches became centres of
information for the immi-grants
Larger parishes for
example in Winnipeg and
Toronto had numerous auxi-liar- y
organizations that did
assist the newcomers On the
other handa Polish priest in
an isolated community in
Saskatchewan or Alberta
probably lacked the resources
to assist Polisli workers in his
area
Greeting Fellow Country-men
also devotcs space to
advice on basie and practical
matters The immigrant is in-struct-ed
how lo send parcels
to Europę via the postał ser-vic- e
or in order lo assurc
delivery through the Cana-dian
Care agency
Information is provided
concerning the sponsorship
for friends and relatives into
Canada Laws ana regulations
are outlined along with advice
on arranging transporlalion
from overseas Specilic docu-mon- 's
and forms are explain-e- d
and addresses to the Immi-gration
Department are pro-yided
An adverlisement by the
Gazeta Polska (Polish Gazet-te- )
a Catholic weckly pub-lished
in Winnipeg offers to
ease loneliness in the new
land It appeals to the new-comers
to subscrioe by send-i- ng
the two dollar yearly fee
The editors however indi-cat- e
that if the reader cannot
afford the amount lo sub-scrib- e
anyway and forward
the two dollars when possible
The Polish Canadian Con-gress
published a much morę
extensive handbook in 1947
Polacy w Kanadzie (Poles in
Canada) by B J Zubrzycki
outlines the history of Poles
in Canada and provides a
number of insights into life in
Canada The author explalns
that the slruggle Tor daily
bread during the first years
in Canada is indeed an
arduous one Withotit contact
with countrymen an immi-grant
miglit fali prey to lone-liness
and depression but the
period of adjustmenl could be
eased by associaling with
others of similar background
Each time you feel lone-ly
and distant from your
dear ones remember that
in this land there exists a
bond of friendship — the
Canadian Polonia Her
arms and hearl are always
open to you
The first half of the book
concerns ilself with the his-tory
of Poles in Norlh Ameri-ca
from the days of the carly
explorers to the pre-Secon- d
World War The autlior
atlempls to impress the
reader with the important
role of Polish pioneers in
Norlh America Heroes such
as Kościuszko Pułaski Gzow-sk- i
and Młynarski are mem-tione- d
The underlying tonę
is that Poles have worked and
fought for freedom and Norlh
American democracy and
tlierefore the newcomers
havc an undisputed i-i-ghl
to
enter and live in Canada
In one section the author
revealed that the Canadian
public and newspapers were
not always favourably dis-pose- d
toward Poland and the
Poles Zubrzycki aceused
Joseph Atkinson publisher of
the Toronto Daily Star of a
hateful and odious attitude
toward the Polish govern-ment-in-exil- e
during the Sec-ond
World War The anti-Polis- h
campaign was so pow-erf- ul that even the numerous
personalities who defended
Poland — Ontario Premier
Drew Professor Kirckonnell
ahd the publisher of the Eve-nin- g
Telegram Charles
Snider — "appeared to be
only voices in the deseit"
The importance and pre-pondera- nt
role of the Cana-dian
Polish Congress was
stressed The Congress form-e- d
in 1944 and in 1947 repre-senlin- g
115 member organi-zations
came forward as the
defender of freedom for
Poland and of Polish honour
and 'tradition in Canada The
principles of the organization
were described as being four-fol- d:
citizenship idealism
welfare and education
The bringing up of children
and the problems of vouth
were other areas considered
by Zubrzycki Teaching the
Polish language and culture
to children was indeed a pro-blem
for concerned parents
Qualii'ied and wiłling teachers
were not always available nor
were the necessary funds
The author felt however that
with the establishment of an
influential umbrella organiza-tion
there would be leader-shi- p
in this direction
Today's reader easily re-cogni- zes
the concerns of the
Polish organizations during
the post-wa-r era That only a
smali percentage of the chil-dren
of the immigrants main-tai- n
lies with the Polish com-munity
is a grim reminder
The government handbooks
failed to mould the immi-grants
into Canadians over-nig- ht
Personal background
patriotism and age at time of
immigration madę the new-comers
immune to the mi-crob- es
of' assimilation For
their children hovvever it be-came
a matter of course
owość
BENEDYKT HEYDENKORN
PRZYWÓDZTWO
W POLONII KANADYJSKIEJ
MINI BIOGRAMY PROMINENTÓW
Nowa piaca na temat Polonii Kanadyjskiej roli odegranej
przez wybitniejszych działaczy w różnych okresach sylwetki
24 wyselekcjonowanych prominentów W gronie lym sn również
księża którzy wpisali się zaszczjlnie w dzieje Polojiii
Cena $600 z prcsjłki} $660
Do nabycia w kręgami „Związkowca" 1638 Bloor St W
Toronto Ont M6P 4A8 Wysjłamy po uprzednim nadesłaniu
należności Czeki lub Money Order prosimy wystawiać na
Polish Alliance Piess
ZARYS HISTORII POLSKI
Autorzy: T MANTEUFFEL J DOWIAT J TAZBIR
M M DROZDOWSKI i inni
Dzieje Polski od czasów najdawniejszych do dnia dzisiejszego
W luksusowej oprawie str 860 Mapy i wyła osy oraz ilustracje
Cena $3600 prcsjlkij $3800
Do nabycia w kciegarni „Zwiizkowca" 1638 Bloor St W
Toronto Ont M6P 4A8 Wjsjłamy po upizednim nadesłaniu
należności Czeki lub Money Order prosimy wystawiać na
Polish Alliancc Press
Poles in North America
The Multicultural History
Society of Ontario was estab-lished
in 1976 with the aid of
a grant from the Ministry of
Culture and Recreation The
Society a fully autonomous
research institute operates in
conjunclion with the Minis-try
Multicultural Deyelop-men- t
Branch and the Ar-chiv- es
of Ontario to preseiwe
the historieal rccord of ethnic
community life to foster
scholarly inlerest in ethnic
studies through conferences
and publications and to serve
as a liaison and academic
advisor for ethnic groups
govemment agencies libra-rie- s
and schools
From October 23 to 25
1980 The Multicultural His-tory
Society is co-sponsori- ng
with the Ethnic and Immigra-tion
Studies Program of the
University of Toronto the
first International Conference
on the History of Polish Im-migration
to North America
The conference will be held
at St MichaePs College of the
Uniyersity of Toronto
The topics of discussion
will include emigration work
and enterprise the urban ex-perien- ce
secular institutions
Polishness the role of the
Church in North America and
ethnic generations A number
of outstanding academics will
be participating in the confer-ence
including Czesław Mi-łosz
Aleksander Matejko
Joanna Matejko Bogdan Czay-kows-ki
Helena Łopata-Zn- a
niecka and Victor Szyryński
The registration fee is
$3000 and registrations
must be in by October 15
1980 The address is: Multi-cultural
History Society of
Ontario 43 Queen's Park
Crescent East Toronto On-tario
M5S 2C3
PROGRAM
Thursday October 23 —
5:00 - 7:00 pm: Registration
Reccption sponsored by the
University of Toronto Ethnic
and Immigration Studies Pro-gram
7:00 pm — Inlroductory
Remarks Opening Address
7:30 pm — Session 1 —
Emigration
Chair: Matejko A Uniyer-sity
of Alberta Edmonton
Papers: — Groniowski K
Academy of Sciences War-saw- :
The Socio-Economi- c Base
of the Emigration from Po-land
to America (until 1939)
— Kula M Academy of
Sciences Warsaw: Polish
Emigration to Latin America
— Spustek L yarsaw:
— Turowski J Uniyersity
of Lublin: Some Theorelical
Problems of Ethnic Groups:
the Polish Ethnic Group Ex-perien- ce
— Zubrzycki J Australian
National Uniyersity Canber-ra:
The Emigrants' Search for
Equality and Opportunity:
Some Theoretical Considera-tion- s
Fiiday October 24 — 9:00
am — Session 2 — Work
and Enterprise
Chair: Grabowski Y York
University Toronto
Papers: — Kogler R Min-istry
of Treasury Toronto:
Occupational Trends in the
Polish Community 1931-197- 1
— Matejko J Canadian
Elhnic Studies Association
Uniyersity of Calgary: Polish
Farmers in Alberta (Prior to
the Second World War)
— Morawska E Carnegie-Mello- n
Uniyersity Pittsburgh:
Patlerns of Economic and So-ci- ał
Adaptation of the Polish
Immigrant in America 1890-193- 0
— Pacyga D Chicago: Vii-lage- s
of Steel Mills and
Packinghouse: the Polish
Workers on Chicago's South
Side 1880-192- 1
— Radziałowski T South-west
State Uniyersity Minne-sota:
Elhnic Conflict and the
Slruggle for Jobs and Hous-ing- :
Polish American Workers
in Detroit from the Twenties
to the Forties Commentator:
Gołąb C Uniyersity of Penn-sylvan- ia
Philadelphia
12:00-1:0- 0 pm — Lunch
1:00-3:0- 0 pm — Session 3
— The Urban Experience
Chair: — Galush W Lo-yo- la
Uniyersity Chicago
Papers: — Babiński G
Kraków: Occupational Mobili-t- y
of Polish Americans in
Sclected US Cities after
World War II
— Matei ko A Uniyersity
of Alberta Edmonton: Be-- 1
tween the Myth of East Eu-rope- an
Intelligentsia and the
Reality of the Norlh American
Middle Class: the Adaptation
Problems of Polish White
Collar Stratum in Canada
— Obiaiński E State Uni-yersity
of New York College
Oneonta: Urban Location: a
Necessary or Sufficient Basis
for Polonian Ethnic Persis-tenc- e
— Radecki H Laurentian
Uniyersity Sudbury: Polish
Immigrants in Sudburj' On-tario
3:30-5:0- 0 pm — Session 4
— Secular Institutions
Chair: Zybala S Multicul- -
turalism Directorate Secreta-ry
of State Ottawa
Papers: — Blejwas S Cen-tral
Connecticut State Col-lege
New Britain: The Local
Ethnic Lobby: the Polish
American Congress at the
Grassroots
— Fedorowicz JM Uniyer-sity
of Western Ontario Lon-don:
The Futurę of Polish In-stitutio-nal
Life in North Ame-rica
— Pieńkos D Uniyersity
of Wisconsin Milwaukee: The
Secular Organizations of the
Polish American Population:
Representing and Articulat-in- g
the Aims of Polonia
5:00-6:0- 0 pm — Reception
6:00-8:0- 0 pm — Session 5
— Polishness (roundtable dis-cussion)
Moderator: Iribarne L
Uniyersity of Toronto
Participants: — Czaykow-sk- i
B Uniyersity of British
Columbia Vancouver
— Gutowski J St Mary's
College Orchard Lakę Michi-gan
— Keil C State Uniyersity
of New York Buffalo
— Miłosz C Uniyersity of
California Berkeley
— Pieńkos A Polish Ame-rican
Historieal Association
— Śmieja F Uniyersity of
Western Ontario London
8:30 pm — Dinner spon-sored
by the Canadian Polish
Millenium Fund and the Pol-ish
Combatants Association
Saturday October 25
9:00-12:0- 0 am — Session
6 — Role of the Church in
North America
Chair: Prince B Pax Vobis
Foundation Missisauga Onta-rio
Papers: 1) Retrospective
— Chrobot L St Mary's
College Orchard Lakę Michi-gan:
The Pilgrimage from
Gemeinschaft to Gesselschaft:
Sociological Functions of Re- -
On Sunday September
14th 1980 three Polish Cana-dians
who lost members of
their immediate family at the
hands of the Soviet Security
Police during World War II
unveiled the Katyń memoriał
located hi Toronto's Beatty
Parkette Assisting them were
His Eminence Cardinal Car-ter
Archbishop of Toronto
and His Eminence Cardinal
Rubin Looking on were about
10000 members of Canada's
Polish community and many
Poles from the United States
9 T T T ¥ ¥ T T V 1 W V
Conference
ligion in the Polish Alnericah
Community
— Smith M Queen of the
Apostles Renewal Centrę
MIssissauga Ontario: The
Role of an Ethnic Roman Ca-tholic
Parish In Canada
— Woźnicki A Uniyersity
of San Francisco: Pastorał
Care and Religious Service
for the Polish Ethnic Gróup
in the US
'2) Contemporary Scenę "'
— Buczek D Falrfield
Uniyersity Connecticut: Pol-ish-Ameri-ćan
'or American?:
the Polish Parishes in the
1920s
— Kuźniewski A Loyola
Uniyersity Chicago: Wencfcs-lau- s
Kruszka ahd theOtigins
of Polish Roman Catholic Sep-aratom
in the US
—'Orzell L Pennsylvania
State Uniyersity: The "Na-tional
Catholic"- - Response:
Franciszek Hodur and His
Followers 1897-190- 7
— Szwej M St Adalberfs
Parish Hyde Park Massa-chussett- s:
Krydor in Saskat-chewan:
the Birth and Death
of the Polish St MichaeTs
Parish in 'the Canadian Mid-dle-We- st
Prairies
12:00-1:3- 0 pm — Lunch
1:30-4:0- 0 pm — Session-- 7
— Ethnic Generations
Chair: Gromada T Polish
Institute of Arts and Sciences
of America New York
Papers: — Ancerowicz J
College Universitaire de St
Boniface Manitoba: Demogra-phi- c
Changes in the Polish
Ethnic Group in Canada after
the Second World War
— Bpdnar J Pennsylvania
Historieal and Museum Com-missi- on
Harrisburg: Beyond
Ethnicity: the Polish Immi-grant
Family in' Industrial
America
— Łopata H Loyola Uni-yersity
Chicago: Intergenera-tiona- l
Relations in Polonia
— Mostwin D Catholic
Uniyersity of America Wa-shington
DC: The Meaning
of Cultural Factors in the
Mental Health of Polish Eth-nic
Generations
— Parot J Northern Illi-nois
Uniyersity DeKalb: The
Serdeczna Matko ' of the
Sweatshops: Marital and Fam-ily
Crises of Immigrant Work-in- g
Class Women in Late 19th
Century Chicago
— Szyryński V Uniyersity
of Ottawa: The Adaptation of
the Polish Immigrant
4:00-6:0- 0 pm — Reception
sponsored by the W Reymont
Foundation
Represenlatives of all leyels
of goyernment and yarious
political parties were present
Noticeably absent was the of-ficial
representatiye of the
Goyernment of Canada who
bowing to Soviet pressurę
backed out at the last minutę
The two day program' was
well planned and well at-tend- ed
by the Polish commu-nity
The event was without
a doubt the greatest political
manifestation ever held by
Poles in Canada and a very
impressiye one
'V ' T T T fT T 1 (
Katyń memoriał uiweiled
THE POLONIAN FORUM welcomw contributions from those
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Forward correspondence to:
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